| RESPIRATION |
20 μM |
6 hr |
|
HeLa cells |
Mitochondrial respiration was calculated by measuring oxygen consumption rate (OCR) and proton flux under a series of conditions using a Seahorse Flux analyzer. |
inhibit |
|
291 |
| GLUCOSE GALACTOSE IC50 RATIO |
1.4 |
|
|
LUHMES (Lund human mesencephalic) cells |
Glc–Gal–NeuriTox assay |
Negative |
EC25(NA) [Glc/Gal] |
326 |
| MITOCHONDRIAL UBIQUITINATION |
20 μM |
6 hr |
|
HeLa cells |
Total ubiquitin, Lysine 48-linked polyubiquitin and Lysine 63-linked polyubiquitin levels were assessed in whole cell extracts by western blotting. |
increase |
|
291 |
| GLUTATHIONE METABOLISM |
20 μM |
24 hr |
rat |
PC12 cells |
The total glutathione (reduced form GSH + oxidized form GSSG) was determined using glutathione reductase |
deplete GSH |
|
289 |
| FRAGMENTATION |
20 μM |
6 hr |
|
HeLa cells |
The cells were stained with MitoTracker Green FM and MitoSOX Red dyes followed by image acquisition on a confocal microscope. |
induce |
|
291 |
| MITOPHAGY |
20 μM |
6 hr |
|
HeLa cells |
mitophagy fluorescence reporter Mitokeima |
Negative |
|
291 |
| ROS PRODUCTION |
20 μM |
24 hr |
rat |
PC12 cells |
Measurement of intracellular ROS formation with DCFH2-DA |
increase |
|
289 |
| CASPASE ACTIVITY |
20 μM |
24 hr |
rat |
PC12 cells |
Measurement of caspase-3 activity with ApoAlert™ CPP32/Caspase-3 assay kit |
increase |
|
289 |
| CYTOCHROME C RELEASE |
20 μM |
24 hr |
rat |
PC12 cells |
Measurement of cytochrome c release using a solid-phase, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit for the detection of cytochrome c. |
increase |
|
289 |
