Drug
D0097 | Phenformin
A
A10BD01 Phenformin and sulfonylureas
[A10BD] Combinations of oral blood glucose lowering drugs
[A10B] BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS, EXCL. INSULINS
[A10] DRUGS USED IN DIABETES
[A] Alimentary tract and metabolism
A10BA01 Phenformin
[A10BA] Biguanides
[A10B] BLOOD GLUCOSE LOWERING DRUGS, EXCL. INSULINS
[A10] DRUGS USED IN DIABETES
[A] Alimentary tract and metabolism
| Toxicity | Dose | Time | Species | Model | Method | Action | Positive criterion | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| TRANSMEMBRANE POTENTIAL | 100-300 μM | ZDF fa/fa rat & ZDF lean rat | isolated liver mitochondria | The transmembrane potential of the mitochondria was monitored spectrophotometrically using rhodamine-123. | decrease | significantly different from control group (p < 0.05) | 225 | |
| MEMBRANE POTENTIAL | 12.5 μM | 24 hours | human | hepatocytes | Measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential | decrease | 15 | |
| STATE 2 RESPIRATION | 100 nmol/mg mitochondrial protein | rat; Sprague–Dawley | liver mitochondria | Meassurement of respiration | decrease | 15 | ||
| STATE 2 RESPIRATION | 100 nmol/mg mitochondrial protein | 40 minutes preincubation | rat; Sprague–Dawley | liver mitochondria | Meassurement of respiration | decrease | 15 | |
| STATE 3 RESPIRATION | 100 nmol/mg mitochondrial protein | rat; Sprague–Dawley | liver mitochondria | Meassurement of respiration | decrease | 15 | ||
| STATE 3 RESPIRATION | 100 nmol/mg mitochondrial protein | 40 min preincubation | rat; Sprague–Dawley | liver mitochondria | Meassurement of respiration | decrease | 15 | |
| RESPIRATORY CONTROL RATIO (RCR) | 30-300 μM | ZDF fa/fa rat & ZDF lean rat | isolated liver mitochondria | OCR and measured using a fluorescent oxygen probe (Presens) | Negative | 225 | ||
| RESPIRATORY CONTROL RATIO (RCR) | 30-300 μM | ZDF fa/fa rat & ZDF lean rat | isolated liver mitochondria | OCR and measured using a fluorescent oxygen probe (Presens) | Negative | 225 | ||
| OXYGEN CONSUMPTION RATE (OCR) | 25 μM | 24 hours | human | HepG2 cells | Measurement of OCR | decrease | p < 0.001 | 15 |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN | 1.2 mM | Bovine | heart mitochondria | Measurement of complex I activity | decrease | IC50 | 15 | |
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN | decrease | 35 | ||||||
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN | decrease | 43 | ||||||
| ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN | inhibit | 197 | ||||||
| ECAR | 25 μM | 24 hours | human | HepG2 cells | Measurement of ECAR | increase | p < 0.001 | 15 |
| GLUCOSE GALACTOSE IC50 RATIO | 27 | LUHMES (Lund human mesencephalic) cells | Glc–Gal–NeuriTox assay | EC25(NA) [Glc/Gal] | 326 | |||
| ATP SYNTHESIS | 62.5 μM | 24 hours | human | HepG2 cells | Assay of Cellular ATP Content | decrease | p < 0.001 | 15 |
| ATP SYNTHESIS | 62.5 μM | 24 hours | human | HepG2 cells | Assay of Cellular ATP Content | decrease | p < 0.001 | 15 |
| ATP SYNTHESIS | 11.7 μM | 24 hours | human | hepatocytes | Assay of Cellular ATP Content | decrease | IC50 | 15 |
| ATP SYNTHESIS | 12.9 μM | 24 hours | human | HepG2 cells | Assay of Cellular ATP Content | decrease | IC50 | 15 |
| ATP SYNTHESIS | > 500 μM | 24 hours | human | HepG2 cells | Assay of Cellular ATP Content | decrease | IC50 | 15 |
| OXIDATIVE STRESS | 12.5 μM | 24 hours | human | hepatocytes | ROS measurement | increase | 15 | |
| OXIDATIVE STRESS | 12.5 μM | 24 hours | human | hepatocytes | Measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential | affect | 15 | |
| Target | Dose | Time | Species | Model | Method | Action | Positive criterion | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| NADH:ubiquinone reductase | 1.2 mM | Bovine | heart mitochondria | Measurement of complex I activity | inhibitor | IC50 | 15 | |
| NADH:ubiquinone reductase | inhibitor | 35 | ||||||
| ATP | 62.5 μM | 24 hours | human | HepG2 cells | Assay of Cellular ATP Content | decrease | p < 0.001 | 15 |
| ATP | 62.5 μM | 24 hours | human | HepG2 cells | Assay of Cellular ATP Content | decrease | p < 0.001 | 15 |
| ATP | 11.7 μM | 24 hours | human | hepatocytes | Assay of Cellular ATP Content | decrease | IC50 | 15 |
| ATP | 12.9 μM | 24 hours | human | HepG2 cells | Assay of Cellular ATP Content | decrease | IC50 | 15 |
| ATP | > 500 μM | 24 hours | human | HepG2 cells | Assay of Cellular ATP Content | decrease | IC50 | 15 |
| Reactive oxygen species | 12.5 μM | 24 hours | human | hepatocytes | ROS measurement | increase | 15 | |
| oxidized glutathione | 12.5 μM | 24 hours | human | hepatocytes | Measurement of mitochondrial membrane potential | decrease | 15 | |
| Organism | Test type | Route | Dose (normalized dose) | Effect | Source |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| mouse | LDLo | subcutaneous | 200mg/kg (200mg/kg) | Journal of the American Chemical Society. Vol. 81, Pg. 3728, 1959. | |
| rat | LD50 | oral | 938mg/kg (938mg/kg) | Farmaco, Edizione Scientifica. Vol. 15, Pg. 521, 1960. | |
| guinea pig | LD50 | subcutaneous | 19mg/kg (19mg/kg) | Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. Vol. 12, Pg. 314, 1962. | |
| mouse | LD50 | oral | 407mg/kg (407mg/kg) | endocrine: hypoglycemia | Toxicology and Applied Pharmacology. Vol. 14, Pg. 393, 1969. |
| mouse | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 150mg/kg (150mg/kg) | National Technical Information Service. Vol. AD691-490, | |
| mouse | LD50 | intravenous | 17800ug/kg (17.8mg/kg) | U.S. Army Armament Research & Development Command, Chemical Systems Laboratory, NIOSH Exchange Chemicals. Vol. NX#00094, | |
| guinea pig | LD50 | oral | 47mg/kg (47mg/kg) | Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. Vol. 12, Pg. 314, 1962. | |
| rat | LD50 | intraperitoneal | 140mg/kg (140mg/kg) | Acta Poloniae Pharmaceutica. For English translation, see APPFAR. Vol. 36, Pg. 401, 1979. | |
| rat | LD50 | intravenous | 17500ug/kg (17.5mg/kg) | Arzneimittel-Forschung. Drug Research. Vol. 23, Pg. 1571, 1973. | |
| .beta.-PEBG | .beta.-Phenethylbiguanide | 1-(diaminomethylidene)-2-(2-phenylethyl)guanidine |
| 1-Phenethylbiguanide | 1-carbamimidamido-N-(2-phenylethyl)methanimidamide | 1-carbamimidoyl-3-phenethyl-guanidine |
| 114-86-3 | 2-(N-phenethylcarbamimidoyl)guanidine | 4-12-00-02472 (Beilstein Handbook Reference) |
| 8CV | AKOS005567415 | ALBB-026048 |
| API0009066 | Azucaps | BBL010845 |
| BDBM50237608 | BDBM50240908 | BPBio1_000085 |
| BRD-K11399644-003-03-0 | BRN 1977317 | BSPBio_000077 |
| Biguanide, 1-phenethyl- | C07673 | CAS-834-28-6 |
| CCRIS 500 | CHEBI:8064 | CHEMBL170988 |
| CS-11859 | Cronoformin | D Bretard |
| D08351 | DB Comb | DB00914 |
| DD5K7529CE | DTXSID1023449 | Db-retard |
| Debeone | Debinyl | Diabis |
| Dibein | Dibiraf | Dibotin |
| Dipar (Salt/Mix) | EINECS 204-057-4 | Feguanide |
| Fenfoduron | Fenformin | Fenformina |
| Fenformina [INN-Spanish] | Fenormin | Glukopostin |
| Glyphen | HMS3604G03 | HSDB 3154 |
| ICFJFFQQTFMIBG-UHFFFAOYSA-N | Imidodicarbonimidic diamide, N-(2-phenylethyl)- | Imidodicarbonimidic diamide, N-(2-phenylethyl)-, hydrochloride |
| Insoral | KBio2_002392 | KBio2_004960 |
| KBio2_007528 | KBio3_002871 | KBioGR_002392 |
| KBioSS_002397 | KS-00000EKW | LS-569 |
| Lentobetic | M819 | MCULE-1254555434 |
| MFCD00242966 (95%) | MLS006011899 | Meltrol (Salt/Mix) |
| N''''-[(E)-amino(imino)methyl]-N-(2-phenylethyl)guanidine | N''''-{amino[(2-phenylethyl)imino]methyl}guanidine | N'-.beta.-Fenetilformamidiniliminourea |
| N'-.beta.-Phenethylformamidinylliminourea | N'-beta-Fenetilformamidiniliminourea | N'-beta-Fenetilformamidiniliminourea [Italian] |
| N'-beta-Phenethylformamidinylliminourea | N-(2-Phenylethyl)dicarbonimidic diamide # | N-(2-Phenylethyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide |
| N-(2-Phenylethyl)triimidodicarbonic diamide | N-(2-phenylethyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide hydrochloride | N-(2-phenylethyl)imidodicarbonimidic diamide(Phenformin) |
| N-Phenethylbiguanide | N-Phenethylbiguanide hydrochloride | N-amino(imino)methyl-N-phenethyliminomethanediamine(Phenformin) |
| NCGC00016543-01 | NCGC00016543-02 | NCGC00016543-03 |
| NCGC00016543-04 | NCGC00016543-05 | NCGC00016543-08 |
| NCI-C01741 | Normoglucina | PHENFORMIN |
| PHENFORMIN (SEE ALSO PHENFORMIN HYDROCHLORIDE 834-28-6) | Pedg | Phenethyldiguanide |
| Phenformin (BAN) | Phenformin [INN:BAN] | Phenformine |
| Phenformine HCl | Phenformine [INN-French] | Phenforminum |
| Phenforminum [INN-Latin] | Phenformix | Phenylethylbiguanide |
| Prestwick0_000179 | Prestwick1_000179 | Prestwick2_000179 |
| Prestwick3_000179 | Q753100 | Retardo |
| SBB072819 | SBI-0206879.P001 | SCHEMBL10325620 |
| SCHEMBL17300524 | SCHEMBL8424 | SMR004703510 |
| SPBio_001998 | ST45029292 | STK635703 |
| SY031759 | TRA0068161 | UNII-DD5K7529CE |
| W 32 | ZINC5851063 | amino{imino[(2-phenylethyl)amino]methyl}carboxamidine |
| beta-PEBG | beta-Phenethybiguanide | beta-Phenethylbiguanide |
| cMAP_000038 |
| DrugBank Name | Phenformin |
| DrugBank | DB00914 |
| CAS Number | 114-86-3, 834-28-6 |
| PubChem Compound | 8249 |
| KEGG Compound ID | C07673 |
| KEGG Drug | D08351 |
| PubChem.Substance | 46505230 |
| ChEBI | 8064 |
| PharmGKB | PA1000 |
| ChemSpider | 7953 |
| BindingDB | 50240908.0 |
| TTD | DAP000206 |
| Wikipedia | Phenformin |
| HET | 8CV |
1. Chan et al. (2005)
2. Vuda et al. (2016)